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STALIN: THE HISTORY AND CRITIQUE OF A BLACK LEGEND
Perhaps the definitive pushback against anti-Stalin/anti-communist propaganda
DEFEAT CAPITALISM AND ITS DEADLY SPAWN, IMPERIALISM
ecological murder • endless wars • ingrained racism & social injustice • worker exploitation • incurable via reforms
PREFACE BY PATRICE GREANVILLE
Those recalcitrant Russians: Demonstrators carry an Stalin banner in a St. Petersburg demonstration.
The all-out demonisation of revolutionary leaders is an old habit that has become almost an industry in the capitalist West. The defamation of a leader about whom the masses are not just massively ignorant but aggressively disinformed is a devious shortcut to the demonisation of a nation and its threatening system, in this case communism, the direct antidote to capitalism, threatening, that is, to the class interests of the bourgeois elites that control the West.
By any standard, Communism is the most vehemently vilified system of social organisation in modern history, perhaps all history. Not surprising, then, that one of its key leaders, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili), should collect so much abuse. Stalin's record was extraordinary, and his valor certified in many actions. I mention this upfront to cauterise the hemorrhage of calumny accusing him of every conceivable defect in the human repertoire, including gross ineptitude and cowardice. In fact, even the CIA-redacted Wikipedia is forced to concede a different picture:
| Born to a poor family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. |
Those who have paid any attention to the unrelenting demonisation of Vladimir Putin in recent years (after briefly being held in high esteem at the beginning of his tenure, when the West saw him as a likely continuation of the US-infiltrated Yeltsin regime) can make the necessary extrapolations. For the anti-Stalin vilification job easily exceeded by several magnitudes the treatment accorded Putin. This was and remains a transparent effort to malign communism by association, through the character assassination of an iconic leader, in this case Stalin, as this is easier and more effective from the point of view of mass propaganda. Just ask any knowing practitioner of this despicable art.
BUT. As we all know, NO WORLD HISTORICAL LEADER, Western, Eastern, Northern, Southern, Capitalist (well, by definition!), SOCIALIST, COMMUNIST, etc., can ever be described in absolutist terms as purely evil or flawless in conduct, intentional or not. They are all human and thereby fallible. BUT, those who fail while sincerely trying to build a more just and rational society are not and cannot be put in the same bag as those who govern to PRESERVE and fortify an unjust and often criminal order.
When making historical evaluations we should also keep in mind that leaders of really existing communist nations, like the USSR, operated under horrible political and strategic circumstances with few choices in their palette, as opposed to leaders of the mature, well developed hegemonic capitalist bloc who enjoyed enormous advantages and choices. So, yea, criticism, vicious criticism is easy, when underscored by massive ignorance and a complete lack of empathy for the target, not to mention a great deal of bad faith, which is the stain defining all malicious propagandists no matter what title they wear. Anti-Stalin criticism is often fallacious and devious by design; it's also riddled with cultural ethnocentrism, a variant of political racism, if you like. In such critics' eyes, many of whom proudly militate in the ranks of the "left anti-communist" liberal intelligentsia or professional apostasy, Stalin was a monster. He (along with Lenin, Mao, Fidel, Ho, and so on) is charged with being not just an abject failure as a national leader, but a bloodthirsty, "power-hungry" tyrant, to boot. The chasm between truth and falsehood is great, but easily explainable when you consider these people to be willful actors in the great clash between oppressive and liberating ideologies, their opinions obtained through the seduction of money and fame or plain personal opportunism, or the result of embracing the ludicrous and petulant notion that US-style "democracy" is the one and only model for universal governance. That their vision is defective, their character alarmingly flawed, and their mental acuity less than impressive, is rather obvious. So I will never ask such people for sympathy or simple understanding toward leaders who found themselves confronted with the immensely difficult task of building a socialist society in the midst of wars, foreign boycots and sanctions, famines, invasions, and unrelenting internal turmoil and sabotage. Building a new world while vested interests defend the old has never been easy. It probably never will.
These Stalin defamers are probably beyond help. But anyone with an atom of decency can benefit from reading the truth about these politically seismic events, and the personalities involved. I earnestly hope they will read Prof. Losurdo's testimony. It is among the best.
Note that I conclude this excerpt from Losurdo's book with a quote that reminds us all that those who do not wage class struggle are indeed doomed to see history repeated in more farcical, dangerous, and crueler ways. Today, with the US and the European Union furiously erasing history, especially the contribution of the Soviet Union to the defeat of Nazism, clarity about history is more indispensable than ever.—PG
STALIN: THE HISTORY AND CRITIQUE OF A BLACK LEGEND
Introduction: The Turning Point in the Historical Depiction of Stalin
From the Cold War to the Khrushchev ReportBy Domenico Losurdo
Impressive demonstrations of grief accompanied Stalin's passing. In his death throes, “millions of people crowded the center of Moscow to pay their last respects” to the dying leader. On March 5th, 1953, “millions of citizens cried over his loss as if they were mourning for a loved one."1 The same reaction took place in the most remote corners of this enormous country, for example, in a “small village” that, as soon as it learned of what had happened, fell into spontaneous and collective mourning.2 The generalized consternation went beyond the borders of the USSR: “Many cried as they passed through the streets of Budapest and Prague."3
Thousands of kilometers away from the socialist camp, in Israel the sorrowful reaction was also widespread: “All members of MAPAM, without exception, cried”, and this was a party in which “all the veteran leaders” and “nearly all the ex-combatants” belonged to. The suffering was mixed with fear. “The sun has set” was the title of Al Hamishmar, the newspaper of the Kibbutz movement. For a certain amount of time, such sentiments were shared by leading figures of the state and military apparatus: “Ninety officers who had participated in the 1948 war, the great war of Jewish independence, joined a clandestine armed organization that was pro-Soviet and revolutionary. Of these, eleven later became generals and one became a government minister, and are now honored as the founding fathers of Israel."4
In the West, it’s not just leaders and members of communist parties with ties to the Soviet Union who pay homage to the deceased leader. One historian (Isaac Deutscher) who was a fierce admirer of Trotsky, wrote an obituary full of acknowledgements:'
In this historical evaluation there was no longer a place for Trotsky’s harsh accusations directed at the deceased leader. What sense was there in condemning Stalin as a traitor to the ideals of world revolution and as the capitulationist theorist of socialism in one country, at a time in which the new social order had expanded in Europe and in Asia and had broken “its national shell”?5 Ridiculed by Trotsky as a “small provincial man thrust into great world events, as if by a joke of history”,6 in 1950 Stalin had become, in the opinion of an illustrious philosopher (Alexandre Kojève), the incarnation of the Hegelian spirit of the world and called upon to unify and lead humanity, resorting to energetic methods, in practice combining wisdom and tyranny.7Outside communist circles, or the communist aligned left, despite the escalating Cold War and the continued hot war in Korea, Stalin’s death brought out largely “respectful” or “balanced” obituaries in the West. At that time, “he was still considered a relatively benign dictator and even a statesman, and in the popular consciousness the affectionate memory of “uncle Joe” persisted, the great wara time leader that had guided his people to victory over Hitler and had helped save Europe from Nazi barbarity."8 The ideas, impressions and emotions of the years of the Grand Alliance hadn’t yet vanished, when―Deutscher recalled in 1948―statesmen and foreign generals were won over by the exceptional competence with which Stalin managed all the details of his war machine."9
Included among the figures “won over” was the man who, in his time, supported military intervention against the country that emerged out of the October Revolution, namely Winston3Churchill, who with regards to Stalin had repeatedly expressed himself in these terms: “I like that man."10 On the occasion of the Tehran Conference in November, 1943, the British statesman had praised his Soviet counterpart as “Stalin the Great”: he was a worthy heir to Peter the Great; having saved his country, preparing it to defeat the invaders.11 Certain aspects had also fascinated Averell Harriman, the American ambassador to Moscow between 1943 and 1946, who always positively painted the Soviet leader with regard to military matters: “He appears to me better informed than Roosevelt and more realistic than Hitler, to a certain degree he’s the most efficient war leader."12 In 1944 Alcide De Gasperi had expressed himself in almost emphatic terms, having celebrated “the historic, secular and immense merit of the armies organized by the genius, Joseph Stalin." The recognition from the eminent Italian politician isn’t merely limited to the military sphere:
When I see Hitler and Mussolini persecute men for their race, and invent that terrible antiW Jewish legislation that we’re familiar with, and when I see how the Russians, made up of 160 different races, seek their fusion, overcoming the existing differences between Asia and Europe, this attempt, this effort toward the unification of human society, let me just say that this is the work of a Christian, this is eminently universalistic in the Catholic sense.13
No less powerful or uncommon was the prestige that Stalin had enjoyed, and continued enjoying, among the great intellectuals. Harold J. Laski, a prestigious supporter of the British Labour Party, speaking in the fall of 1945 with Norberto Bobbio, had declared himself an “admirer of the Soviet Union” and its leader, describing him as someone who is “very wise."14 In that same year, Hannah Arendt wrote that the country led by Stalin distinguished itself for the “completely new and successful way of facing and solving national conflicts, of organizing different peoples on the basis of national equality”; it was a type of model, it was something “that every political and national movement should pay attention to."15
For his part, writing just before and soon after the end of World War II, Benedetto Croce recognized Stalin’s merit in having promoted freedom not only at the international level, thanks to the contribution given to the struggle against Nazi-fascism, but also in his own country. Indeed, who led the USSR was “a man gifted with political genius”, who carried out an important and positive historical role overall; with respect to pre-revolutionary Russia, “Sovietism has been an advance for freedom,'' just as, “in relation to the feudal regime”, the absolute monarchy was also “an advance for freedom and resulted in the greater advances that followed." The liberal philosopher’s doubts were focused on the future of the Soviet Union; however, these same doubts, by contrast, further highlighted the greatness of Stalin: he had taken the place of Lenin, in such a way that a genius had been followed by another, but what sort of successors would be given to the USSR by “Providence”?16
Those that, with the beginning of the Great Alliance’s crisis, started drawing parallels between Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Germany had been severely criticized by Thomas Mann. What characterized the Third Reich was the “racial megalomania” of the self-proclaimed “master race”, which had carried forth a “diabolical program of depopulation”, and before that the eradication of the culture of the conquered territories. Hitler stuck to Nietzsche’s maxim: “if one wants slaves, it’s foolish to educate them like masters." The orientation of “Russian socialism” was the precise opposite; massively expanding education and culture, it had demonstrated it didn’t want “slaves”, but instead “thinking men”, therefore placing them on the “path to freedom." Consequently, the comparison between the two regimes became unacceptable. (Italics ours) Moreover, those that made such an argument could be suspected of complicity with the fascist ideology they sought to condemn:
Source: The Greanville Post
When I see Hitler and Mussolini persecute men for their race, and invent that terrible antiW Jewish legislation that we’re familiar with, and when I see how the Russians, made up of 160 different races, seek their fusion, overcoming the existing differences between Asia and Europe, this attempt, this effort toward the unification of human society, let me just say that this is the work of a Christian, this is eminently universalistic in the Catholic sense.13
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